Essay on Psychoanalysis and Joseph Conrads Heart of...

Psychoanalysis and The Heart of Darkness In Lacanian psychoanalysis, telling stories is essential to the analysands (re)cognition of trauma. Julia Kristeva refers to the analysands narrative as an instance of borderline [neurotic] discourse which gives the analyst the impression of something alogical, unstitched, and chaotic (42). She then explores the pleasure (jouissance) that the analysand experiences in the course of Lacans talking cure. For the analysand, the pleasure is in the telling: [T]he analyst is struck by a certain maniacal eroticization of speech, as if the patient were clinging to it, gulping it down, sucking on it, delighting in all the aspects of an oral eroticization and a narcissistic safety belt†¦show more content†¦In fact, this move to contextualize is Marlows narrative modus operandi: [T]o him the meaning of an episode was not inside like a kernel but outside, enveloping the tale which brought it out only as a glow brings out a haze, in the likeness of one of these misty halos that sometimes are made visible by the spectral illumination of moonshine (4). His desire to recreate the context from which meaning arises becomes even clearer when, in an anxiety-ridden moment, Marlow demands: Do you see the story? Do you see anything? It seems to me I am trying to tell you a dream--making a vain attempt, because no relation of a dream can convey the dream-sensation, that commingling of absurdity, surprise, and bewilderment in a tremor of struggling revolt, that notion of being captured by the incredible which is the very essence of dreams (23). Here, the description of the dream-sensation also clearly recalls Kristevas characterization of the alogical, unstitched, and chaotic impression created by the analysands borderline discourse. Ultimately, Marlow realizes that his desire to recreate the scene of trauma can never be completely fulfilled. Marlow asserts: You cant understand. How could you?--with solid pavement under your feet, surrounded by kind neighbors ready to fall on you, stepping delicately between the butcher and the policeman, in the holy terror of scandal and gallows and lunatic asylums--how can you imagine what particularShow MoreRelatedThoughts Of Imperialism In Joseph Conrads Heart Of Darkness911 Words   |  4 PagesHeart of Darkness, what does it really mean, what can it signify? For all it matters, it has no meaning, but is just a phrase. By applying the following schools of theory, psychoanalysis, over analyzing texts, cultural studies which portray how readers consume the text and postcolonial which analyzes the â€Å"losers† perspective it helps to depict the novella of Heart Darkness. By using the schools of theory, it will analyze a multitude of perspective relating to the novella’s theme of imperialism disastrousRead MoreHeart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad942 Words   |  4 Pages When read at face value, Joseph Conrad’s novella, Heart of Darkness, portrays a tale of white, imperial, oppression of the African natives of the Congo. However, when viewed through the lenses of psychoanalysis and feminism, different interpretations emerge. Psychoanalysis provides a glimpse into the mind of Marlow. The story reads as if it takes place within a dream world. Feminist theory examines the perceptible qualities associated with women. Each theory presents a new way of interpreting andRead MoreMarxism As A Conflict Theory1273 Words   |  6 Pageseducation, family, the legal system, trade unions, communication systems, and the cultural aspects of society (775-776). The tenets of Marxism as defined by Marx and Althusser provide a unique lens through which the reader can view Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. Conrad’s novella portrays the historical era of Imperialism, when European countries, Great Britain included, were laying claim to parts of the African continent for its riches in natural resources. The idea that â€Å"Imperialism was theRead More Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and Carl Jungs Principle of Opposites2119 Words   |  9 PagesFreud. Though Jung split from Freud and diverged onto his own unbeaten trail of psychoanalysis two years before his decease, they are both highly revered for the myriad of ways in which they developed the understanding of the mind. Parallel to this period, Joseph Conrad penned and published the novella Heart of Darkness, which tackled much of what Jung had found about the psyche and its inner workings. In Heart of Darkness, both Marlow and Kurtz are representations of strong reoccurring archetypes withinRead MoreEssay on Modernism in Literature1532 Words   |  7 Pages and people became destructive. Through the work of writers such as T.S. Eliot, W.B. Yeats, and Joseph Conrad, modernism in literature shed light on the true nature of the heart of humanity. With this newly incorporated view of humanity, a new theory emerged involving psychology and the behaviors of men and women. Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis. (Sigmund Freud) Around the turn of the 20th century, Freud boldly claimed that humans enteredRead MoreEssay about Heart of Darkness: Psychoanalytic Criticism4502 Words   |  19 PagesHeart of Darkness: Psychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalytic criticism originated in the work of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who pioneered the technique of psychoanalysis. 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Two Methods of Losing Weight Free Essays

Two Methods of Losing Weight Teri Holland-Hill Com/155 November 11, 2012 Meghan A. Anderson A high protein diet and exercise vs. Gastric bypass are two different approaches to the same conclusion, one involves major surgery the other a lifestyle change. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Methods of Losing Weight or any similar topic only for you Order Now A newsletter from the Wolfe Clinic stated that by the end of an average lifetime, a person would have consumed between 60,000 and 100,000 pounds of food. It would be good to know, that eating that amount of food is more healthy than not. Maintaining a high protein diet combined with exercise is important to a person’s health. I. Visiting the Doctor First A. Asking the right questions B. Lab Work II. High Protein Diet A. More meat, Less Vegetables and Carbohydrates B. Number of Meals A Day C. When To Eat III. Exercise A. How Many Times a Week B. Exercise Programs Home or Gym IV. Gastric Bypass A. The History of Gastric Bypass B. The Cost Visiting the Doctor Before beginning any diet and exercise program, it is important to see the doctor, ask questions, and pass a health exam before proceeding. In order to be successful in the execution of a plan, the groundwork must be laid and have a solid foundation. Asking the right questions and formulating a plan or a roadmap is important when beginning to develop a weight loss plan. Not all body types can succeed on the same weight loss plan, some need more diet changes and some need more exercise. Once the doctor has gathered all the information and he has answered all questions, the next step would be lab work. The lab work will make sure there is no underlying condition that may slow things down. High Protein Diet Researchers have stated that high protein diets are the most popular because they do a better job of satisfying hunger than fats and carbohydrates. Participants in a study published by the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition reported higher weight loss when they deleted 20% of the fat from their total calories, 30% protein was increased, and 50% accounted for carbohydrates. That is still a high ratio of carbohydrates but as long as there is an exercise plan to go along with the diet, burning them off should be no problem. Another point to consider is number of meals to consume each day. Eating smaller meals more often may be better for a person’s particular metabolism. Life is fluid. We never know what is going to transpire when we will wake in the morning, so having an adjustable diet plan might be important. Other variables to consider are energy level, stress levels, and getting enough rest. One must maintain a high enough energy level to keep going throughout the day. Managing stress levels and making sure to get enough rest each night will go a long way to helping achieve definite weight loss goals. The key is to make every effort to maintain the diet once it is started, bearing in mind to keep it skewed towards higher levels of protein. Many have asked the question, when is a good time to eat, before exercising or after? According to experts and researchers in the field, it is advantageous to feed the body before and after exercising, as this is most beneficial in helping to burn more calories. Some people will skip meals because they think they will lose weight faster, but the body goes into a survival mode drawing protein from the muscles, therefore causing loss of muscle mass. With the proper diet and the correct number of meals, the liver and kidneys are where the protein is normally stored. So if the subject is consistently missing meals when exercising, not only are they slowing metabolism but also depriving the body of the fuel it needs to complete the workout, thus sending the body to another source for protein, the muscles. Therefore, loss of muscle mass minus protein equals a slow metabolism, which makes it harder to lose weight. When eating, the meal should not be too heavy while still providing enough energy for the workout. The meal should include complex carbohydrates and a protein. Some examples of meals are brown rice, which has a nutty flavor, broccoli, and beans are a good source of protein. For snacks, try apples, nuts, bananas, and even a good fiber bar etc. Stay away from processed foods and packaged foods as they have too many chemicals that the body does not need. It can be as simple as eating a hamburger without the bun or baked chicken instead of fried. There is a multitude of sources for protein, it is all about keeping an open mind and trying not to limit them. Exercise A question that seems asked quite often is â€Å"how often should a person exercise? † This all depends on what one wants to accomplish. If a person is looking to build muscle, working out every day is what they will have to commit to or if they just want to get in shape, once every three days for about two months is good. However, if one has never worked out, or it has been years since they have worked out, they need to take things slowly and not rush. Pacing oneself and if they need to stop or cannot finish the whole workout, that is ok. It is better to be safe than sorry! Exercise Programs: Home or Gym Another question that seems to be on the minds of some is â€Å"where is the best place to exercise? This is a simple answer exercise wherever is the most comfortable surroundings. Whether it is going to a gym or exercising at home, the environment should be conducive to achieving a positive outcome. Gastric Bypass Not everyone can lose weight simply by diet and physical exercise some have to take a more radical approach. One example would be Gastric Bypass surgery. This type of surgery is for morbidly obese people who have tried losing weight on their own but have run into roadblocks or through no fault of their own cannot accomplish their goal. For these people there is a procedure called Gastric Bypass. Although it was first attempted in the 1950s it is only recently, within the last 15 years or so that it has become popular as an extreme measure for weight loss. As with any surgical procedure, gastric bypass surgery is a serious undertaking that the doctor will approve when all other weight loss attempts have failed. Additionally, gastric bypass should probably only be performed in cases where the person is 100 pounds overweight or more. It is important to make sure that the patient is willing to follow through after the procedure and change their diet and eating habits, as well as getting more exercise. In a recent study of gastric bypass surgeries with a five year follow up, of 88. 6% of patients contacted, 93% of obese or morbidly obese patients and 57% in super obese patients managed to keep the weight off. The average cost of gastric bypass surgery is between $25,000 and $35,000 dollars, with complications in some cases driving the cost even higher. Unfortunately, this is an extreme hardship financially for those without insurance to cover the procedure. Conclusion We have looked at a couple of different methods of weight loss. One involves behavior modification in terms of diet, meal planning, and exercise, the other involves a more radical surgical procedure. Either way the benefits to the patient will be a healthier lifestyle and a longer lifespan. Each patient is an individual and the type of plan that works with one, may not work with another. Flexibility, desire, determination, and responsibility are all important if the patient desires a successful, positive outcome to their weight loss plan. References American Journal of Clinical Nutrition http://ajcn. nutrition. org (n. d. ) retrieved from http://WebMD. com/diet/guide/high-protein-diet-weight-loss Annals of Surgery 2000 April; 231(4)524-528 http://ncbi. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1421028 MacLean, L. MD, FACS, Nohr, C. MD, FACS, Rhodes, B. PDt, MSc (Nutr), FDC Wolfe Clinic (n. d. ) retrieved from http://thewolfeclinic. com How to cite Two Methods of Losing Weight, Papers

Economics And Healthcare Environment Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Economics And Healthcare Environment. Answer: The main objective of this assessment is to explore various economic concepts, funding framework and casemix-based management information systems and its application within the environment of health care sector. This assessment highlights that nurse managers plays vital role in the health care environment. They are in pivotal position as they ensure the provision of clinical as well as effective healthcare. The economic concepts applied in the context of health care delivery are also explained in this study (Andel et al. 2012). This assessment also provides an overview about the activity based funding and its application as incentive to drive efficiency, enhance accountability and improve access to health care. The last section of assessment reflects on the kinds of casemix based management information system that are offered for nurse managers. In fact, the information used for financial planning as well as management and quality enhancement is also critically analyzed in this asses sment. As individuals have become highly concerned about increasing cost, the economic concepts have attained higher currency in communitys healthcare consideration. Efficiency includes the primary economic theory of opportunity cost, which refers to the total value of best alternatives foregone for producing or attaining better health care service. Hollingsworth (2012) opines that if value of present health care service is greater than the value of alternative use then the present one is said to efficient. On the contrary, Folland, Goodman and Stano (2016) states that if value of other alternatives is larger than the present health care service, then the current one is said to be inefficient. Furthermore, one of the economic assessment techniques that are also used in the context of health care service is cost effectiveness analysis (CEA). This type of analysis mainly evaluates on whether the total amount spent on specific program or any healthcare treatment can provide healthier lives of the patient. In addition, the outcome of this program is also measured in health status that includes- decrease in disease, gain in life years etc. But the difficult part of this analysis arises when it compares various health care services for detecting difference in total expense adds to same benefit in health (Muennig and Bounthavong 2016). There are three basic limitations of CEA are given as follows- The first limitation is that the requirement for estimating outcomes in health units generally limits efficiency and hence cannot be utilized for comparing dissimilar programs. For example, the program that is aimed at reinstating sights of the patients is usually not compared with the program that treats foot ulcers under cost- effective analysis (Drummond et al. 2015). The second limitation is that natural units of health captures single dimension of outcome of programs. For example, the measurement of patient life years attained ignores their quality of life that is considered as another dimension of program outcomes (Hollingsworth 2012). Apart from this, economic efficiency can also be examined with the help of technical and allocative efficiency. Technical efficiency is basically attained through implementation of cost effective process with least inputs. This efficiency is mainly concerned with conversion of inputs that includes labor services into outputs ((Eckermann and Coelli 2013). This kind of efficiency is estimated as distance to frontier. Likewise, allocative efficiency is attained through selection of health programs that are health efficient in order to yield biggest possible improvements in patients health (Folland, Goodman and Stano 2016). Moreover, allocative efficiency is usually estimated through comparison of various frontier points in order to improve the populations heath status. Overall the efficiency estimates the impact of both the technical as well as allocative efficiency. For example, our health center consumes considerable amount of local allocation of human as well as financial resources. Additionally, efforts have also been given to provide effectual health care delivery owing to primary health centre endorsement provided by government. In order to increase the technical efficiency in this specific health centre, they utilized full time skilled staff for measuring the services or input provided by them. In fact, the nurse managers of this health centre also help to increase efficiency through their appropriate implementation of practical tools (Lowe et al. 2012). As a result, this increase in overall efficiency has improved the health care delivery service in this centre over the last few years. Activity based funding and its utilization in health care service. Activity based funding (ABF) refers to the process of funding healthcare in which the providers are basically allocated funds depending on the volume as well as type of services provided by them to the patients (Rosenberg and Hickie 2013). This has become one of the international standards for funding healthcare and thereby referred to as service-based funding, patient- centered funding and casemix funding. ABF is generally implemented by the health care centers with the objective of creating incentives for enhancing productivity as well as efficiency and improve transparency in healthcare funding. The funders of health care system who adopts this type of funding leverage information from financial as well as clinical data captured in routine basis (Heslop 2012). There are generally three components of ABF, which are needed for this funding procedure to operate. These components include- pricing, costing and commissioning, which are described below: Pricing- Prices are generally set for each diagnosis related group (DRG) depending on hospitals average cost of activities in DRG. The prices are set in such a way so that it can maximize huge benefits to patients and incentivize objectives of health care. This ABF system allows the health care funders to overview the service delivered for the paid price. Commissioning-The ABF system needs assessment of negotiation between providers as well as funders for setting proper activity level. This procedure is termed as commissioning. However, this process helps the funders to achieve increased financial control by setting proper activity goals (O'Reilly et al. 2012). Costing- For ABF system to operate, the health care providers should have the ability to determine unit cost. However, this information permits the providers to know the reason for making surplus or deficit under ABF system. The basic objectives for using ABF as incentive is to increase accountability, improve access to health care and drive efficiency. For driving efficiency in health system, ABF can be used to incentivize innovation in care system by reorganizing care funding and motivating providers to revamp themselves regarding patients care pathway. The ABF system will create environment that incentivizes the providers to innovate new health care delivery system for improving the efficiency and quality of health care (Ozcan 2014). Since ABF permits health centers to earn difference between service cost and amount of ABF payment, it drives the efficiency of health system to administer their total revenues. However, implementation of efficient utilization of resources leads to reduction in cost of activities as per patient basis. The financial incentives for health care system also lead to improved access. Adoption of ABF system selectively enhances services to the patients where cost of patients care is less than funding amount (Witter et al. 2012). Some of the nations observed decreased access for costly patients especially with chronic disabilities. Although access to health care can be improved through ABF system, improper management can lead to rise in issues regarding this. Moreover, the ABF system can increase accountability through establishing process metrics, developing predictive care pathways, exploring reimbursement models and developing incentives as well as competencies within the health care system. The health service provision activities that are funded under the ABF includes-Travel of patients and medical rescue services, aboriginal liaison as well as support, sub-acute care including rehabilitation as well as palliative care, outpatient services, acute inpatient admissions, services under emergency department (Sutherland, Repin and Crump 2012). Casemix refers to the scientific procedure of producing information relating to health care, which builds upon patient care categorization for managing health care. The casemix data provides information regarding patient episodes, funding in health care and workforce planning (Lambert et al. 2014). The information systems that is connected to casemix can be termed as costing systems, hospital information systems, grouper software, departmental systems, workload information systems for nurses, executive information system etc (Bardhan and Thouin 2013). Casemix based management information systems provides clinical as well as financial data on which the managers takes their decisions regarding staff planning, clinical patient care etc. Nurses are also known as knowledge workers because they utilize knowledge to their practice in clinical as well as managerial fields. Now- a days, the role of nurse managers has expanded from clinical coordinator to varied practices that includes service planning in allocation of budget. The nurse managers apply principles of knowledge management for delivering efficient service and advancing service provision. The information system generally assists the health care centers with knowledge management data of which the casemix gas been important component. In fact, casemix has been widely recognized as tool to increase efficiency of nurse managers (McHugh and Stimpfel 2012). The types of casemix based information systems that is provided for nurse managers includes- profile of patient by Diagnosis Related Groups ( DRG), service cost by DRG, average length of stay (ALOS) by DRG, unit ALOS, worst performing DRG , ALOS by outliers etc. In several Australian health care services, casemix based funding also refers to as activity based funding in which the funding model basically funds services depending on outputs by using price unit for various patients or types of cases. These health care centers uses casemix based funding as vital funding framework for reimbursing patient care cost. The casemic information system utilized by acute health care centre in Australia is AN- DRGS ( Australian National Diagnosis Related Groups). In Australia, the clinical coders utilizes coding categorizing system for grouping inpatient separations into homogenous groups also known as AR- DRG ( Australian Refined Diagonsis- Related Groups) categorization system (Duckett and Willcox 2015). In fact, the information attained using this system allows clinicians manage as well as improve process of care and increase efficiency in service provision. The casemix based information can be used for improving quality of care by firstly emphasizing diversity of systems and implications occurring from differences. Furthermore, the existing categorization schemes is assorted in two dimensions- First dimension involves the requirements of data, with systems that are sorted into that requiring primary collection of data and uniform hospital discharge data set( UHDDS). Second dimension includes the timing of patient evaluation. This mainly encompasses the patient stay in hospitals and hence this system can be used after discharge. The caeemix based information can be used for financial and management planning by combining activity of patient with resource consumption information in terms of financial data (Heslop 2012). The financial data mainly includes per day cost, each outpatient attendance cost, specific procedure cost such as dialysis or mechanic ventilation etc. The models of casemix usually records activities per patient depending on system that permits different kinds of patients relating to resource utilization. There are certain concerns regarding quality of care that can be raised under casemix based management that includes- satisfaction of patients, measurement of outcomes to be determined from the administrative data, access to health care and other technical factors (Middleton et al. 2013). These concerns are discussed below: Patient dissatisfaction can occur at health care center if clinical status of patient is poor on discharge. In addition, patient satisfaction can be low at health centre where severity deteriorates following admission. Access to health care can be poor owing to inappropriate admission at the health centers (Gulliford and Morgan 2013). Problem can occur with technical execution if the clinical status worsens following some particular procedural performance. Such concerns can be addressed in the following manner: Firstly, monitoring the result of care for assessing present status as well as time trends in impact of care Secondly, providing data to medical team as well as offering incentives for their work Thirdly, designing as well as implementing new health care delivery process based on the requirements of the patients (Tinetti, Fried and Boyd 2012) Fourthly, implementing effective technology systems, which will alert the providers in specific time in case of critical information Fifthly, adoption of telecommunication application, which can improve patients access to appropriate information The systems of health care globally are facing several challenges involving ageing population, variation in disease, increase in complex condition, rising health care cost etc. The nurse managers also face challenges to develop understanding of funding framework and financing arrangements that is being utilized in their health care center (Hendricks and Cope 2013). However, adoption of activity related funding framework utilizing casemix categorizing systems mainly needs development of financial management competencies. Therefore, analyzing casemix and converting into management information is needed by providers for making financial decisions. However, for nurse managers, casemix based information can be difficult although it benefits them to manage resources in transparent manner. In Australia, the funding arrangements, governance for health care and overall health care structure experiences huge reforms (Duckett and Willcox 2015). References Andel, C., Davidow, S.L., Hollander, M. and Moreno, D.A., 2012. Theeconomics of health care quality and medical errors.Journal of health care finance,39(1), p.39. Bardhan, I.R. and Thouin, M.F., 2013. Health information technology and its impact on the quality and cost of healthcare delivery.Decision Support Systems,55(2), pp.438-449. Drummond, M.F., Sculpher, M.J., Claxton, K., Stoddart, G.L. and Torrance, G.W., 2015.Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford university press. and Performance Evaluation(pp. 3-14). Springer, Boston, MA. Duckett, S. and Willcox, S., 2015.The Australian health care system(No. Ed. 5). Oxford University Press. Eckermann, S. and Coelli, T., 2013. Including quality attributes in efficiency measures consistent with net benefit: creating incentives for evidence based medicine in practice.Social Science Medicine,76, pp.159-168. Folland, S., Goodman, A.C. and Stano, M., 2016.TheEconomics of Health and Health Care: Pearson International Edition. Routledge. Gulliford, M. and Morgan, M. eds., 2013.Access to health care. Routledge. Hendricks, J.M. and Cope, V.C., 2013. Generational diversity: what nurse managers need to know.Journal of advanced nursing,69(3), pp.717-725. Heslop, L., 2012. Status of costing hospital nursing work within Australian casemix activity?based funding policy.International journal of nursing practice,18(1), pp.2-6. Hollingsworth, B., 2012. Revolution, evolution, or status quo? Guidelines for efficiency measurement in health care.Journal of Productivity Analysis,37(1), pp.1-5. Lambert, M.L., Silversmit, G., Savey, A., Palomar, M., Hiesmayr, M., Agodi, A., Van Rompaye, B., Mertens, K. and Vansteelandt, S., 2014. Preventable proportion of severe infections acquired in intensive care units: case-mix adjusted estimations from patient-based surveillance data.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,35(5), pp.494-501. Lowe, G., Plummer, V., OBrien, A.P. and Boyd, L., 2012. Time to clarifythe value of advanced practice nursing roles in health care.Journal of advanced nursing,68(3), pp.677-685. McHugh, M.D. and Stimpfel, A.W., 2012. Nurse reported quality of care: a measure of hospital quality.Research in nursing health,35(6), pp.566-575. Middleton, B., Bloomrosen, M., Dente, M.A., Hashmat, B., Koppel, R., Overhage, J.M., Payne, T.H., Rosenbloom, S.T., Weaver, C. and Zhang, J., 2013. Enhancing patient safety and quality of care by improving the usability of electronic health record systems: recommendations from AMIA.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,20(e1), pp.e2-e8. Muennig, P. and Bounthavong, M., 2016.Cost-effectiveness analysis in health: a practical approach. John Wiley Sons. O'Reilly, J., Busse, R., Hkkinen, U., Or, Z., Street, A. and Wiley, M., 2012. Paying for hospital care: the experience with implementing activity-based funding in five European countries.Health economics, policy and law,7(1), pp.73-101. Ozcan, Y.A., 2014. Evaluation of Performance in Health Care. InHealth Care Ozcan, Y.A., 2014. Evaluation of Performance in Health Care. InHealth Care Benchmarking and Performance Evaluation(pp. 3-14). Springer, Boston, MA. Rosenberg, S.P. and Hickie, I.B., 2013. Making activity-based funding work for mental health.Australian Health Review,37(3), pp.277-280. Spetz, J., Harless, D.W., Herrera, C.N. and Mark, B.A., 2013. Using minimum nurse staffing regulations to measure the relationship between nursing and hospital quality of care.Medical Care Research and Review,70(4), pp.380-399. Sutherland, J.M., Repin, N. and Crump, R.T., 2012.Reviewing the potential roles of financial incentives for funding healthcare in Canada. Canada: Canadian Foundation for Healthcare Improvement. Tinetti, M.E., Fried, T.R. and Boyd, C.M., 2012. Designing health care for the most common chronic conditionmultimorbidity.Jama,307(23), pp.2493-2494. Witter, S., Fretheim, A., Kessy, F.L. and Lindahl, A.K., 2012. Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interven-tions in low-and middle-income countries.status and date: New, published in, (2).

Rocky Horror Picture Show Analysis Essay Example

Rocky Horror Picture Show Analysis Essay Andrew Gonzalez 10/30/10 Theater Arts 7B The Rocky Horror Picture Show For many movies, a tagline can simply sum up what a movie is all about in a few words, along with leaving an impression on whoever is reading the tagline. Sometimes this impression could be distasteful, funny, or possibly thought-provoking. In the case of The Rocky Horror Picture Show, the tagline is certainly one you have to read twice. â€Å"A different set of jaws† is the tag line found on the poster of The Rocky Horror Picture Show, and from the first time I read it I was intrigued. If one were to take into account that the film was released the same year as the film Jaws, it makes sense that the tag line is poking fun at the commercial box office hit, but there is much more to it than meets the eye. The poster alone suggests that this is not a musical like any other, and the now iconic pair of lips symbolize the mystery behind the film. The Rocky Horror Picture Show was released in 1975 as an adaptation of the British musical The Rocky Horror Show, which was written by Richard O’Brien. It was directed by Jim Sharman and co-written with O’Brien. We will write a custom essay sample on Rocky Horror Picture Show Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rocky Horror Picture Show Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rocky Horror Picture Show Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The premiere of Rocky Horror was held at the Westwood Theater in Los Angeles, in late September of 1975. Despite being released in a handful of theaters, the film was deemed as a failure which in turn kept the film from receiving a wide release. It was not until April Fools Day of 1976 that the film was picked up again for another chance at the box office by Tim Deegan, a young advertising executive at 20th Century Fox. Deegan’s plan was to persuade Bill Quigley of the Walter Reade Organization to reconsider the film and have it advertised at their midnight show at the Waverly Theater in New York. At the time, the Waverly had already built a reputation for being the heart of midnight movies, along with having great success from showing El Topo and Night of the Living Dead. From that day on, The Rocky Horror Picture Show was â€Å"born† and the immense cult following it was beginning to assemble. As time progressed, the popular idea of â€Å"audience participation† also arose and became one of the main attractions when viewing the film at a local midnight movie theater. This idea basically consists of the audience talking back to the movie and acting out pivotal scenes in the film. For example, in the very beginning there is a wedding scene, and at that moment in time the audience would throw rice at each other. To begin, The Rocky Horror Picture Show tells the story of a newly engaged couple, Brad Majors and Janet Weiss (played by Barry Bostwick and Susan Surandon) who stumble upon a mysterious castle on a cold and rainy November night after driving from a fellow classmate’s wedding. The story is narrated by the Criminologist (played by Charles Gray), and after entering the castle they meet Riff Raff (a handyman played by Richard O’Brien) and Magenta (a domestic played by Patricia Quinn), Columbia (a groupie played by Little Nell), Eddie (an ex-delivery boy played by Meatloaf), and last but not least Dr. Frank N. Furter, an eccentric and cross-dressing scientist (played by Tim Curry) who has found the secret to creating life. From that point on, Brad and Janet enter the ride of their lives as they try to survive the madness of Dr. Frank N. Furter. Along the way, they witness the creation of Rocky (played by Peter Hinwood) and find their old high school science teacher Dr. Everett Scott (a rival scientist played by Jonathan Adams) who is working for the government in search of alien life forms. 1)After viewing the film multiple times, it is evident that the theme presented is the innocence lost among teenagers when making the transition into adulthood, along with being exposed to the explicit reality of it all and the inherent repressed sexual nature in all of us. The film also sheds light on the idea of self discovery and taking to heart Dr. Frank N. Furter’s maxim â€Å"don’t dream it, be it† which he sings towards the end of the film. There are many instances in the musical numbers that address the two major themes of the film. One example of Brad and Janet being exposed to the explicit nature of adulthood could be found in the song â€Å"Sweet Transvestite† sung by Dr. Frank N. Furter where he exclaims that â€Å"Im not much of a man by the light of day, but by night Im one hell of a lover. Im just a sweet transvestite from Transsexual, Transylvania. † From this encounter, Brad and Janet are not quite sure what to expect, but they are aware that if they are going to survive the madness of Dr. Frank N. Furter, they might as well embrace the hedonistic lifestyle that he proposes throughout the film. As for the theme of being one’s self, the song â€Å"Sweet Transvestite† can be used again as an example, along with the classic tune â€Å"Time Warp† which is all about having a good time and letting go of the image that one tries to project to others. )When Richard O’Brien wrote the music and story, his whole concept was to make a fun show that would appeal to all walks of life and represent the culture of the 70’s. O’Brien’s main idea behind Rocky Horror was to pay homage to the timeless science fiction and B-movies that inspired the film’s music and story. From listening to the introductory song â€Å"Science F iction / Double Feature† one can hear the names of many famous sci-fi movies being referenced such as Flash Gordon, Forbidden Planet, and It Came From Outer Space just to name a few. The iconic red lips of Patricia Quinn lip-syncing to O’Brien’s voice are seen in the opening credits of the film where it is just them singing with a black back drop. This sequence was not like any other ever used to introduce a film, and it was a unique way of emulating the mysterious nature of the film. As mentioned earlier, Rocky Horror is narrated by the Criminologist who tells the story of Brad and Janet in a linear manner. Every so often, the Criminologist will interject at certain points of the film providing information on the main character’s back stories. As for the actors who portray the character of the story, they bring a quality of genuineness to the film. For example, Brad and Janet are dynamic characters that change drastically over time within the story. In the scene where Janet sings â€Å"Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch Me,† we as the viewers see her transform from an innocent school girl to that of a sexually frustrated woman seducing Rocky for her own pleasure after being influenced by Dr. Frank N. Furter’s hedonistic lifestyle. The music of Rocky Horror is also something special when taken into account that it is the main device that tells the story behind the film. The music also intertwines with the way the photography and lighting are presented. The quality of the photography is reminiscent of B-movies from the 70’s, which to some may not seem to be the highest quality, but in reality it adds to the effect of paying homage to those timeless movies. The pace and tempo was at a steady pace throughout, in addition to implementing transitions that did not deter the audience from the main attraction. There were some camera shots that stood out though, which included the scene where Dr. Frank N. Furter sings â€Å"Sweet Transvestite† walking down a red carpet. In this shot, the camera is at level with Tim Curry’s head as he walks towards the audience while he struts his stuff. Another shot that caught my eye was that of Tim Curry swimming in a pool for the tune â€Å"Don’t Dream It, Be It,† which featured the camera looking down on him from a ceiling evoking a dream-like state as he sings â€Å"don’t dream it, be it† over and over while spinning in the pool. Behind the pool lied a huge cut out backdrop of the RKO Pictures radio tower and a stage made for large productions, and in this case, it was used during the final scene of the film. The quality of the props and costumes were also magnificent to watch being used to better enhance the experience of The Rocky Horror Picture Show overall, and extenuate the realness of the characters’ time period. 3)The opening credits of â€Å"Science Fiction / Double Feature† and the â€Å"Time Warp† scene would probably be the best examples of the director’s style. Jim Sharman’s style would be best described as experimental, a style that does not exactly follow the norms of cinematography. From watching the â€Å"Time Warp† scene countless times, it’s clear that Sharman wanted to have the audience feel awkward at first after being exposed to strange people called Transylvanians dancing around in outlandish outfits. After awhile, however, the audience would later feel right at home due to the even more extravagant scenes that come after the â€Å"Time Warp† scene which in comparison are not that as extreme in nature. For example, the â€Å"Sweet Transvestite† scene is one of the most memorable scenes to come out of the 70’s because it is the first to openly express gay and transsexual themes with a brilliant performance by Tim Curry. )This film is not just like any other musical that came out of the 70’s, but it is one that defined a decade and influenced a movement that defined a generation to be who they wanted to be without criticism. In reality, society would look down upon such extreme forms of self-expression, but that is why Rocky Horror exists, for those who are looking for a temporary escape from reality. Personally, I could relate a little with each character that starred in the film, and it’s highly probably that anyone slightly interested in seeing this film can find someone relatable to them in some way or another. The ideal environment to fully enjoy this film, however, is not in your living room but in a live setting with a large audience who have the same mindset of having a good time and participating with a live cast. Singing along with people you’ve never met in your life before is an experience that I will never forget, mainly because it did not matter what one looked like or where they came from who participated in the film. Everyone was welcome to The Rocky Horror Picture Show. As long as one had the intention to have fun and be apart of this communal event, everything from there was smooth sailing.

Urban Studies Research Paper Basic Recommendations on How You Can Cope with One

Urban Studies Research Paper Basic Recommendations on How You Can Cope with One Urban studies is a broad field of study that involves engineering, architecture, planning, social, and political factors. Thus, writing a research paper on urban studies is challenging for students because of the broad topics that fall under the area of study. The process takes not only a significant time to craft a paper but also requires profound research, in-depth understanding of the subject, intricate data analysis, and proficient writing skills. Writing a research paper may not be your strong forte, but your ability to put together a comprehensible scholarly paper will influence the outcome of your final grade. This urban studies research paper writing guide provides you with a step-by-step process that will help you improve your research paper writing skills and enhance the likelihood of your attaining high grades in your urban studies assignment. Each step is important in the writing process. Thus, take note of every guideline. Selecting a Topic for Your Urban Studies Research Paper Writing The first challenge in your writing process is choosing an interesting research topic. Students whose lecturers assign research paper assignments based on a particular topic do not face the topic selection challenge. However, it is common for professors to provide students with the freedom and flexibility to choose topics that interest them within the urban studies field of study. Here are some tips to help you choose a topic for your research paper: The research paper will be more informative and relevant if you care about the topic. Hence, select the topic you are interested in. The interest may be based on the need to explore a certain idea, to provide a solution to an urban development issue or be based on issues affecting your daily experiences such as poverty in the metropolitan cities. Narrow your ideas to come up with a manageable topic: If the topic is too broad, use limiters to narrow it down to ensure it has a specific focus. Limiters may be based on geographical location, periods in the history of urban development, or populations. The topic should not be too narrow or too broad as it will lose focus. Background research of existing literature on urban studies can help you choose and limit the scope of your topic. If your assignment has guidelines regarding the topic selection, review them and choose topics based on the guideline. Better still, ask your instructor for possible suggestions. If brainstorming for topic ideas does not yield any results, refer to your lecture notes and texts on urban studies to refresh your knowledge of the urban studies unit. Talking to peers may help you acquire knowledge of issues that you did not consider. Peer discussion can help focus your topic. Think and analyze the who, what, when, where and why questions that guide in formulating an appropriate topic: Why did I choose this topic? What interests me about it? Do I have an idea and opinion about the issues involved in the topic? Why is the topic relevant? Who are the information providers on this topic? Who does the topic affect? What are the likely major questions for this topic? Is the topic controversial or of interest to the intended population? What are the range of issues and viewpoints to consider under the topic? Where is the topic important: at the local, national, or international level? When is the topic significant? Is it a current occurrence or a historical aspect? Possible topics for your urban studies research paper may include: Urban Marginality and Public Transit Politics: Trains and Automobiles; Exclusionary Housing Measures and Their Influence on Segregation: a Case of Baltimore; Social Justice and Urban Economic Development; Social Determinants of Urbanization and Health Disparities in Manhattan; Recreational Planning in Urban Ecology. Important Pre-Writing Tips for your Urban Studies Research Paper Decide on a topic. As highlighted in the topic selection section, choosing a topic is the first important aspect of the research paper writing process. Ensure the topic you select falls within the urban studies subject and is interesting to you. The topic and the research paper content should add some value to you and the reader by introducing ideas and approaches, persuading adoption of certain practices, or reinforcing claims and opinions. Conduct research. The research step is important as it directly influences your research paper content and equips you with a basis for your arguments, and evidence to support articulated claims. It is appropriate to research both primary and secondary sources to obtain a diversity of ideas. Take notes. While conducting your research, take notes of the important arguments, themes, theories, statistics, and facts documented in your sources. Taking notes ensures you do not forget major issues. Besides, it helps during the paper writing process by providing quotes and accurate reference and citation pages. It would be unprofessional to submit a research paper with inaccurate citations or without proper quotes, whether direct or in parenthesis. However, do not overuse quotes unless the professor requires you to do so. Clustering and outlining. On a piece of paper, write your major points and use links to put together matching or related ideas. Clustering helps you to develop themes that create more focus. Once you have completed clustering, outline why the topic and research are significant, identify relevant background material, the thesis and purpose statements, and the organizational plan for major and supporting ideas. Creating an Appropriate Title and Thesis Statement for Your Urban Studies Research Paper Research Paper Title A research paper title is the first thing that draws the readers’ attention and determines whether the reader will be interested in the paper or not. Therefore, an effective and appropriate research paper title should: Summarize the paper content in a few words; Capture the readers’ attention; Differentiate the research paper from other papers of the urban studies subject area. Here are the basic urban studies research paper writing tips to consider while writing a title for your urban studies research paper: Keep the title attractive, brief, and simple. Keep the title brief and clear since it will serve as a precise summary of the paper content. Avoid unnecessary details and complex noun-based phrases and use active verbs. A good research paper title should have 10 to 12 words. In other words, it should not be too short or too long. A lengthy title takes the readers’ attention away because it is unfocused while a short title may be too broad. Use appropriate descriptive words. Use keywords that define the nature of your research and those used in the manuscript. Use terms people would use to search for your research paper and have them as part of your title. Keep in mind that they should add meaning to the research paper topic and content. Avoid jargon and abbreviations. Unless the abbreviations are well known and common in the urban studies field of study, avoid their use. In this case, leave out lesser known terms or abbreviations not familiar to the intended audience. Thesis Statement The thesis statement should present a summary of your research paper topic in one or a few sentences. It should also provide the readers with your papers argument and direction of what to expect. In other words, craft a thesis statement that informs your readers about the subject of your paper and the position you will take in the discussion. A good thesis statement should: Make a limited, clear, and definite assertion that should be explained and supported by scholarly evidence; Have a specific point that provides the direction of your argument; Not be too big for your paper such that it would be impossible to explore every aspect of your claim; Present an argument that can be proven or argued against. Ensure your intended audience does not instantly accept your thesis statement; Show your perspective and position on the urban studies topic and direction of your argument; Allude to the methods you will use to provide evidence to support your arguments. Writing an Outline for Your Urban Studies Research Paper: Top Picks from Our Writers Writing the Introduction The introduction of your research paper should provide your readers with an overview of the entire paper but should be slightly different from the abstract. It should introduce the topic of the paper and set it in a broader context. When crafting your introduction, narrow down the topics gradually to a research issue, thesis statement, and hypotheses or research questions, depending on the nature of the research paper and topic of discussion. If your urban studies research paper is based on providing solutions to a pressing issue, the introduction should explain how you intend to solve the research question, and should create ‘leads’ that entice the reader to want to delve further into your research paper. You should assume the paper is aimed at people with a good working knowledge and understanding of the urban studies field. However, it is important to provide some working definition for the terms specific to the research paper topic. You will need to ensure your introduction includes the following elements: Contextual material or relevant background of the discussion topic; Definition of concepts and terms where necessary; Explanation of the paper focus and its specific purpose; Your organization plan for the main themes and major points in the paper. Moreover, the introduction may include the background or history section if the chosen urban studies topic requires one. This type of information is not a mandatory part of a paper involving research. However, it is often necessary to explain the development of a particular issue that may help put your topic within the required context. Writing the Body The body forms the largest part of your research paper. This is where you write the information you have gathered and arrange the relevant evidence to support the claims you make. The evidence is aimed at convincing the reader of your argument. Thus, it should be organized logically. The body of the research paper can have partitions depending on its length and the number of issues being discussed. The partitions are in the form of headings and sub-headings. As noted above, the body paragraphs in your research paper focus on research and are broken down into sections that focus on particular aspects of your research. You should have the following goals in mind when writing the body paragraphs: Incorporation of relevant and current (five to seven years) research as it pertains to your chosen urban studies topic; Presentation of evidence in a balanced and objective manner; Appropriate use and acknowledgment of primary and secondary sources. Remember the outline made during the preparation phase of your research writing process? Use the outline as a flexible guide into the ideas that should be written in each body paragraph. Moreover, analyze, summarize, explain, and evaluate the primary and secondary sources you use in your research paper rather than reporting their content. Move from the generalization of concepts to varying levels of presenting relevant information about the topic of the discussion. Unless it is necessary to use direct quotes from the existing literature on urban studies, stick to using parenthetical citations when referencing another authors work in the body of your text. Writing the Conclusion The conclusion of your research paper should summarize the major points and arguments of the paper and restate the thesis statement in different words. You can also highlight the significance of your research findings. If you adopt an inductive approach in your research, add your opinions and explain their impacts and significance to the research. Importantly, transit from details to a generalized consideration of the topic. You can also recommend further research of the topic if you feel it needs further exploration. Post Writing Tips to End It Up The post writing tips focus on revising the final draft of your research paper. When proofreading, check the organization of the paper to ensure coherence, logical flow of information, and in-depth discussion of ideas. You should also revise the sentence structure and ensure there is consistent use of appropriate citations.

Definition and Examples of Tricolons in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Tricolons in Rhetoric Tricolon is a  rhetorical term for a series of three parallel words, phrases, or clauses. Plural: tricolons or tricola. Adjective: tricolonic. Also known as a  triadic sentence. For example, this tricolonic advice for  speakers  is generally credited to  President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Be sincere, be brief, be seated.Its the sense of completeness, says  Mark Forsyth, that makes the tricolon perfectly suited to grand rhetoric (The Elements of Eloquence, 2013). Tricolon comes from the Greek, three unit. Examples and Observations Dorothy ParkerI require three things in a man. He must be handsome, ruthless, and stupid.Robert Maynard HutchinsThe whole apparatus of football, fraternities, and fun is a means by which education is made palatable to those who have no business in it.The Wizard From The Wizard of OzYou are talking to a man who has laughed in the face of death, sneered at doom, and chuckled at catastrophe.President Dwight EisenhowerEvery gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies, in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed. This world in arms is not spending money alone.It is spending the sweat of its laborers, the genius of its scientists, the hopes of its children.President Barack ObamaLet us search for his largeness of spirit somewhere inside of ourselves. And when the night grows dark, when injustice weighs heavy on our hearts, when our best-laid plans seem beyond our reach, let us think of Madiba and the wo rds that brought him comfort within the four walls of his cell: It matters not how strait the gate, / How charged with punishments the scroll. / I am the master of my fate: / I am the captain of my soul. Benjamin FranklinTell me and I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn.Edna St. Vincent MillayDown, down, down into the darkness of the graveGently they go, the beautiful, the tender, the kind;Quietly they go, the intelligent, the witty, the brave.I know. But I do not approve. And I am not resigned.Eric BentleyOurs is the age of substitutes: instead of language, we have jargon; instead of principles, slogans; instead of genuine ideas, bright ideas.E.B. WhiteIn the still air, under the hard sun, gleamed the flags and the banners and the drum majorettes knees.Annie DillardShe loved Maytree, his restlessness, his asceticism, his, especially, abdomen.Holling VincoeurWhat a time we had: splashed through bogs, ate like hogs, slept like logs.Herman From The SimpsonsThe key to Springfield has always been Elm Street. The Greeks knew it. The Carthaginians knew it. Now you know it.Quentin CrispIf you describe things as better than they are, you are considered to be a romantic; i f you describe things as worse than they are, you will be called a realist; and if you describe things exactly as they are, you will be thought of as a satirist. John le CarreThey liked his diffidence when he apologized for the company he kept, his insincerity when he defended the vagaries of his subordinates, his flexibilities when formulating new commitments.Jack Sparrow From The Pirates of the CaribbeanI think weve all arrived at a very special place. Spiritually, ecumenically, grammatically.Edmund CrispinThey chattered with stoic resignation about the state of the war, the quality of the beer, and the minor inconveniences of being alive.Carol Smith[I]n some unknown sequence, she put out the Do Not Disturb sign, applied pink Està ©e Lauder lipstick and combed her short auburn hair. She wrote a note on hotel stationery, opened her Bible to the 23rd Psalm and mixed some cyanide into a glass of Metamucil.Then she drank it. Tricolons in the Gettysburg Address Gilbert HighetTricolon means a unit made up of three parts. The third part in a tricolon used in oratory is usually more emphatic and conclusive than the others. This is the chief device used in Lincolns Gettysburg Address, and is doubled at its conclusion:But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow, this ground.[W]e here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.Although Lincoln himself knew no Cicero, he had learnt this and other beauties of Ciceronian style from studying the prose of the baroque age. The Tricolonic Joke Alan Partington[I]n the tricolon joke, the narrative is repeated so that it becomes a script or acquired information, and this repetition sets up expectations about the series, the model being followed. The third part of the tricolon is then employed to upset these expectations in some way. Here is [a] tricolon joke: There are three Irishmen stranded on an island. Suddenly a fairy appears and offers to grant each one of them one wish. The first one asks to be intelligent. Instantly, he is turned into a Scotsman and he swims off the island. The next one asks to be even more intelligent than the previous one. So, instantly, he is turned into a Welshman. He builds a boat and sails off the island. The third Irishman asks to become even more intelligent than the previous two. The fairy turns him into a woman, and she walks across the bridge. The joke begins with a mix of three joke-scripts: the DESERT ISLAND, the GODMOTHER-THREE WISHES and the ENGLISHMAN, IRISHMAN AND SCOTSMAN. A script i s built up within the world of the joke of HOW TO GET OFF THE ISLAND. The script expectations are doubly defeated in the third section of the tricolon. Not only is no intelligence required to leave the island, the intelligent third member of the trio, instead of being the expected Englishman (in the English version of the joke, of course), is a woman, and the joke is partly on the listener, especially if male and English.

Compare and Contrast the Virginia and New Jersey Plans Presented at Essay

Compare and Contrast the Virginia and New Jersey Plans Presented at the Constitutional Convention - Essay Example According to the Virginia plan, there should be a national legislature consisting of two branches; the first house would consist of elected representatives of various USA states, and they would serve for a period of three years, and the second branch of legislature would consist of members elected by individual legislatures of the first house, and they would serve for seven years. On the contrary, the New Jersey plan does not address the legislative branch of government for it assumes that the USA national congress is the legislature of USA. For that reason, no details are given for the composition of the legislature, and the terms of service for its members. But the New Jersey plan supports giving more powers to the individual states, so as to be able to make legislation on internal affairs of the states. This, therefore, means that the New Jersey plan supports the creation of federal Congress. The details of how federal legislation was made are not given in the New Jersey plan. The main difference between the Virginian plan and the New Jersey plan on congressional representation is that, while the Virginian congress was composed of representatives of various states, who had equal voting rights, the federal congress supported by the New Jersey plan is composed only of members of the same state. For that reason, the national Congress supported by the Virginian plan had jurisdiction of the whole nation, while the federal congress supported by the New Jersey plan had jurisdiction only over the particular state, where the Congress was found. This was meant to ensure that the state and the nation related well, the federal congress was not supposed to deal with matters outside its power/jurisdiction. According to the Virginia plan, a national executive should be constituted, consisting of a single person, chosen by the members of the national legislature. The head of the executive would serve for a period of seven years.

Appian Way Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Appian Way - Research Paper Example The Appian Way in Rome has been always accounted as one of the earliest roman construction works, which has remarkable significance even in this modern day context. This pathway construction found its existence during 312 B.C. and was constructed by ‘Appius Claudius Caecus’ who during that period held the position of a powerful political figure. This political figure was also known for the construction of the primitive aqueduct structures within Rome so as to provide consumable water to the entire nation. The entire pathway spanned around a distance of 563 kilometers connecting Rome and the Brindisi, Italy. In terms of historical significance, this road till date represents the preliminary phase of traditional human engineering. Apart from just being a sign of historical significance, the Appian Way consistently served multiple other purposes as well1. One of such purposes was found to be the provision of a fighting advantage to the roman army during situations of war ou tbreak. The Roman army during that period utilized this pathway in an extensive manner for supplying ration, reinforcements and armaments to their front line fighting troops. After their expansion within Italy, the Roman Empire invested significant amount of time and finance in terms of developing and mastering the procedures of distant roadway construction. Eventually with time, such pathways emerged as significant connective lines between Rome and its acquired domains. As a result of all these roman developments, multiple underdeveloped cultural civilizations also had the chances of developing and marking their existence in the history of mankind (National Geographic Society, â€Å"Rome Walking Tour: Ancient Appian Way†)2. The utility of the Appian Way again formed a factor of historical significance as a result of Rome’s victory against Samnite tribes between the period of 343 & 341 BC. As a matter of fact, the

David Ortan Plc Case Study Essay Example for Free

David Ortan Plc Case Study Essay 1.1.David Orton Plc: A brief overview of merger of Orton group and Costwise David Orton Plc was a result of merger when Orton group, distinguish British Food Retailer Company, acquired Costwise Company in 2005. British CC (competition commission) had reservations at this mighty onset of merger as companies were independently huge retailers already and their reservation was somewhat genuine. The outcome of merger could obviously be a huge monopolize and was evidently aimed at controlling the large market share. The fear laid in commission’s stance that the result of merger will ultimately monopolize certain areas of the region. Nevertheless, it took substantial time to achieve this target as costwise had recognised since very beginning that two companies differ in structure and size therefore it will take quite a while to feel the impact physically. The impression of this merger let staff members of both companies to feel uncertain and uncomfortable, especially of costwise organisation and they feared that each company will be swallowed by the other. Motivational problems related with finance were of major importance to employees of both companies and here too, employees of costwise tended to complain more. The senior management and executive members of costwise company sought to gather and discuss at large weaknesses and strengths of the organisation on realizing that employees’ attitude and perception toward merger could have substantial impact on company’s performance. This meeting cleared company and its employees’ view of the desired merger and future of company was discussed by management personnel (Huczynski, A. Buchanan, D., 2007). 1.2.Motivational state of employees The staff at costwise was more inadequately motivated towards the merger for the most part as capacity is intricately linked with the question of motivation. Some of the employees’ concerns were included salaries issues, intangible rewards, apprehensions, secondary benefits and recognition etc which were being abandoned by the higher management. Employees were also of the view that costwise company didn’t give them a chance to flourish and  grow. They weren’t given deserving opportunities including measures and promotion which otherwise would help them to grow tithing the framework of the organisation. Conversely, management thought that employee’s reduced performance has affected the overall performance of the organisation as a whole. The organisation gave much quality of supervision, interpersonal relations, and efficient administration of regulation and policies of the company. Recognition for outstanding performances, advancement to upper level of tasks and some other general interests of employees were kept low on the other hand. Employees were bound to grow at slow pace as limited or no training programs were carried out by company’s management thus affecting the overall performance of the employees (Mullins, L., 2007). There were, nevertheless some factors which were being appreciated by the employees and which had a direct, progressive affect on employees motivation level. Those factors include sense of interaction, loyalty and trust and chemistry between employees and management which led each party to realise organisational problems occurring within the organisation. The sense of interaction and utmost respect of work were responsible to increase employees’ moral and a practice of trust and loyalty among them could be seen through observation (Kelley, H.H., 1999) 1.3.Attitudes and Perception of the employees In any such situation, there are probable situations where attitudes and perceptions of the associated employees change drastically. One of the obvious attitudes that could be expected from employees is their felling of low self worth. This feeling is probable and any person associated with a company which is going to merge up with another company of twice its size can have it. This circumstance, however, could result in employees’ reduced level of efforts and sometimes deliberately withholding efforts. Poor performance and uncertainty can be suspected in this case which organisations are required to reduce or get ready for the aftermath. Employees’ withdrawal of their commitment to work can seriously damage the stability and competitive advantage it earned during the time therefore managers have to take the responsibility and devise action plan to waive off such situations (Myers, D., 2005) The employees are supposed to have alarming beliefs and questionable attitudes toward the merger and if those attitudes do not get properly managed, it will badly affect the company’s performance. The most questionable attitude in this case could be employee’s perception toward management decisions as it could a sense of uncertainty within them. They become more sensitive to their future as any uncertain thought about company’s decisions and actions could let them thin that their job is at stake. Thus staff turnover is quite probable as no employee could thrive in uncertain work environments. Differences in opinions, either professional or technical could also result in employees’ frustration and developing angry attitude resulted by genuine work complaints (Nelson, D. Quick, J., 2006) 1.4.Resultant effects Resultant effects which such attitudes can have may include employees’ self-centeredness, their insensitivity to other people, their constant attention and affirmation seeking behaviour which could confront to abrupt in some cases. Lack of cooperation, failure to follow regulations and rules at work and absenteeism could be some results and forms of attitudes which costwise company can expect from its employees. It will be of utmost responsibility of new management to reassure the employees of costwise that they are fundamental assets of the organisation and they have to adequately motivate the employees in best possible manner. It is quite obvious that employees will act in circumstances which dictate their perception of situations. In this scenario, motivation will dictate their perception of jobs. It is also probable that employees of any company compare themselves and their positions with their counterparts and feel a sense of inferiority. Supervisory perception could also be expected for example costwise managers will feel uncomfortable to work under supervision of Orton’s management if any such scenario happens. This will only increase the problem for the costwise organisation and it will also account for bad perception of merger in vicinity of strong factors arousing uncertainty among costwise employees (Buchanan, D. Huczynski, A., 2004) Self-perceived insufficiencies in comparison to former Ortan organisation are resultant from reasons of differences in development and capacity and the suspicion that ultimately  results in lack of equity. Competition of resources is another perception that has strong effect on employees’ attitudes of both companies as it will cause discrimination since Ortan employees are in better positions than costwise’ thus they are more likely to obtain benefits and resources such as salary increments and training programs . In this case, employees of costwise will obviously feel inadequately compensated and benefited even before the merger. This threat, either real or illusionary, is suppose to cause deep-rooted problems as all such scenarios are directly related with human psychology (Daus, 1997). 1.5.Main issues faced by senior managers Complex work environments and due to some other demographic and technological changes and innovations, senior managers have now augmented responsibility of supervising staff and employees of any organisation. Obviously the most important task is to increase the employees’ performance thus increasing overall performance of the organisation. In a case where employee’s attitudes toward work have been exacerbated by above mentioned factors and attributes, senior managers have to work hard in order to obtain their objective. They need to get employees back to work with full enthusiasm which will help them in scoring tasks and meeting deadlines. There are those employees who want to be supervised, some of them feel certain insecurities, and some feel company’s decisions as threatening their future. Managers are therefore needed to address such issues within the organisation and propose sustainable solutions (Kanigel, R., 1997) Employees’ unethical behaviour is another serious issue which requires mangers to taken care of. Some employees, who are satisfied by the policies and decisions of the organisation, tend to ignore rules and regulations set by the management. They compromise on the delivery and quality of work thus affecting organisation and its outer world relationships. The challenge of such employees’ commitment and motivation is one difficult task which managers at both organisations have to carry out. This can, however, be solved by taking simple steps which first include assessment of the behaviours and attitudes of such employees and of those factors which are responsible for such behaviours and attitudes. For example, a clear observation of the case study  suggests that employees at both organisations weren’t happy for their salary compensations. They in fact found it unsatisfactory that some employees of some departments are getting higher wages whereas some other deserving staff members have not been compensated by the organisation adequately. They had another concern that organisations failed to address their social, emotional, psychological and esteem concerns. Obviously mangers do have the responsibility to take care of such issues if organisations want to increase the motivation of employees (Kinicki, A. Kreitner, R., 2006) Culture, gender, sexual orientation and religion etc. are dominated by the diverse workforce by whom both organisations operate. This diverse workforce thus engenders complexities and challenges for the management as minds of employees are naturally discriminated. These employees do have strong impact on other staff members thus senior managers are more likely to deal with challenging circumstances. Rewards, appreciation, recognition and especially balancing and equal treatment are such tools which can be highly useful in fighting similar challenges. Employees’ interaction has to be monitored by the management and with advancement of telecommunication; the challenge has become strong and important. They have to devise solutions that effectively control this challenging situation since employee privacy has already been restricted in several sectors (Gentile, M. C., 1996). 2.Critical analysis of the study Effective management of organisational behaviour is somewhat critical and requires the management to effectively examine the sources of motivation, group influence and job design among other things. It needs to define behaviour modification procedures which will help the learner to realise and appreciate the direct connection between organisational behaviour and possible consequences of it. Positive reinforcement is an effective tool which includes administrating sentencing on bad or negative behaviour and rewarding good or positive behaviour. The X and Y theories of Douglas McGregor play vital role in effective management of behaviours. Theory X involves the style of rather authoritarian management which recommends that coercion with help of application of threats upon individual is effective as an average individual detests work. The theory also argues about achievement  of organisational objectives through letting individuals concerned about it as an average individual doesnâ₠¬â„¢t like to have responsibility and rather prefer to be secure at all cost. Participative management theory or Theory Y stipulates that individuals are mainly self-directed thus they will have to take the responsibility. According to Douglas McGregor, The capacity to employ creative thinking and imagination is widely spread throughout individuals thus capacity and intelligence is partly utilised by the industry. Ability to possess responsibility and self-direction drives individuals to obtain organisational objectives (Robinson, G., and K. Dechant, 1997) The above discussed theory can be utilised in developing reward schemes and policies for staff members by rewarding those employees with benefits who perform well and grueling those who show bad behaviour and retain poor performances. By implementing this model, employees at David Orton Plc will be more obliged to work hard and return considerable benefits for the organisation in their quest to rewards, promotions, incentives and other forms of recognitions. Another effective methodology in this regard could be the Content theory which deals mainly n the area of individuals’ requirements and demands. These requirements can be broken down further into their primary requirements such as food, clothing, shelter etc. and their secondary requirements such as desire of power, achievement among colleagues, approval and love etc. It is however critical to locate the influence over behaviour by these requirements. The influence by primary needs is easy to understand and identify but influence by secondary requirements on behaviour varies by certain factors and is difficult o understand. The hierarchy of needs theory by Abraham Maslow tends to explain the requirements which could possibly affect the attitudes and behaviours of individuals working under the organisational framework (Larbi, G., 2006) Self-actualisation is needed to get managed against above mentioned background by investing in an effective, creative and challenging work place environment. Promotions, independence, flexibility and providence of bigger responsibilities are among some factors which can be employed to boost esteem if managed well. Lower level requirements including social, psychological and security requirements can be efficaciously managed by procuring safe working conditions, friendly work atmosphere and reasonable  and suitable work hours. Therefore the theory of Maslow or theory of hierarchy of needs can be applied to the case of merger, David Orton Plc which observes dissatisfaction among its employees over inadequate pay structure, lack of recognition and other social, emotional and psychological wants. This theory can be effectively applied by management by sufficiently increasing employees allowances, rewards, salaries and give them an overall well being in their areas of complaints (Larbi, G., 2006) 3.Conclusion Concluding, organisational behaviour seems to resolve around people’s perception, their power to act feel under organised settings. The organisational complexities occurring within the framework of an organisation need associated management and senior executives to evaluate key behavioral factors which dominate the system. They have to examine the reasons behind such factors and once they succeeded in identification, they got to develop sustainable strategies and plans to tackle organisational behaviour problems. Any solution aiming at increased performance by the employee will result in increased performance of the organisation. For this, management needs to realize employees that their talents are being recognized and to compensate them with adequate resources, pays and secondary benefits so that they could overcome the sense of terrifying uncertainty and work hard for the goodness of their own and the organisation. Ensuring sufficient motivation among employees is one thing but managing this motivation all along is another yet a difficult challenge for the organisation. Strategies aimed at actively fostering the development and growth of the employees will only make sure that their capacity and motivation is developed. An organisation flourishes when management succeeds in developing and establishing a strategy which ensures employees that their received salary is linked with their performance and that their expectations towards their compensation against work done will be adequately rewarded. If employees lost interest in work and what they do at the organisation, nothing could prevent organisation from failure and economic devastation therefore enriching jobs will help greatly in developing employees’ interest in their jobs they will feel enchanted to have something more than a job  which rewards them with a paycheck and it surly is a great thing. To instill such strategies into organisational framework, organisations are needed to assess behaviours and issues related with employees and propose better solutions for them. References Buchanan, D. Huczynski, A. (2004) Organisational Behaviour: An Introductory Text, 5th ed., Harlow: FT/Prentice Hall Daus (1997). Challenges of leading a diverse workforce. Academy of Management Executive, 11, 32–47. Gentile, M. C. (1996). Managerial excellence through diversity, Chicago, IL: Irwin; and Joplin, J. R. W., and C. S. Huczynski, A. Buchanan, D. (2007) Organisational Behaviour: An Introductory Text, 6th ed., Harlow: FT/Prentice Hall Kanigel, R. (1997). The one best way: Frederick Winslow Taylor and the enigma of efficiency. New York: Viking. Kelley, H.H. (1999) â€Å"Attribution in Social Interaction.† In Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior. E.E. Jones, et al. Morristown, MJ: General Learning Press. Kinicki, A. Kreitner, R. (2006) Organizational Behavior: key concepts, skills, best practices. 2nd ed. McGraw Hill Larbi, G. (2006). â€Å"Applying the new public management in developing countries,† in Y. Bangura and G. Larbi. Public sector reform in developing countries: capacity challenges to improve services. Basingstroke, Palgrave. Mullins, L. (2007) Management and Organizational Behaviour. 8th ed. FT/Prentice Hall Myers, D. (2005) Social Psychology. 8th ed. Boston: McGraw Hill Nelson, D. Quick, J. (2006) Organizational Behavior: Foundations, Realities Challenges. 5th ed. Thomson South-Western Robinson, G., and K. Dechant (1997). Building a business case for diversity. Academy of Management Executive, 11, 21–31.

Gravity Essay -- essays research papers

Gravity is really an unknown force. We can define it as a field of influence, and that it effects the entire existence of the universe. Some people think that gravity consists of particles called gravitons, which travel at the speed of light. The only thing we do know is how gravity operates in different parts of our universe. Without gravity, there would be no space and time. There is a legend that says that Galileo once dropped two objects off the Leaning Tower of Pisa to show that the heavier of the two objects dropped faster. If a feather and hammer were the two objects he used then obviously the hammer would hit the ground first. This is due to air resistance, which is the force air exerts on a moving object. This force acts in the opposite direction to that of the object's motion. In the case of a falling object, air resistance pushes up as gravity pulls down, which causes the object to slow down. When Galileo's experiment was repeated on the moon, the hammer and the feather hit the ground at the exact same time. This is due to the fact that the moon has no atmosphere. Therefore, air resistance doesn't exist on the moon. Also, the amount of air resistance on an object depends on the speed, size, shape, and density of the object. The larger the surface area of the object, the greater the amount of air resistance on it. This is why feathers, leaves, and sheets of paper fall more slowly than pennies, acorns, and crumpled balls of paper. There is another legend that states that when Newton was lying against a tree in an orchard, he was struck on the head by an apple. He wondered what provided the acceleration for the apple to fall to the ground. Was this a force of the earth on the apple? If so, then the apple must exert a force on the earth according to Newton’s law of action/reaction forces. Newton applied this theory unto the planets, which orbit the sun. He found by studying astronomical data, that the force that held the earth in orbit around the sun was the same force that drew the apple toward the earth. This was the force of gravity that is given by this scary formula: F = Gm1*Gm2 gravity _______ r^2 F equals the force in Newtons, G equals the gravitational constant which is 6.67 * 10^-11 Nm^2 | kg^2, m1 and m2 equal the mass of each body in kilograms, and finally, r equals the distance between the 2 bodies in meters. If all of this i... ...for the electronic revolution of the twentieth century. Electromagnetic waves not only revolutionized our lives, but also our knowledge of the universe. Astronomers gradually opened the electromagnetic spectrum, first using visible light and then radio, x-rays and gamma rays. Each new part of the spectrum provided us with dramatic new insights into the universe. Einstein predicted gravitational waves in 1916. They have not yet been directly detected on earth, although astronomers Joe Taylor and Russell Hulse received the 1993 Nobel Prize for proof of their existence, by showing that a star system is losing energy by producing gravitational waves. Gravitational waves are a completely new spectrum. If electromagnetic waves let us see the universe, gravitational waves will let us hear the universe. They will provide us with a new sense, the sense of hearing, with which to explore the universe. Gravity is a very complicated subject, but scientists are learning more and more about it as time goes on. Contributions from people such as Newton and Einstein helped shape the way we see things today. Without them, no telling what kind of misconceptions we all might believe in today.

Tyco International Company Culture and Ethics

On September 12, 2002, Tyco International’s former chief executive officer L. Dennis Kozlowski and former chief financial officer Mark H. Swartz have been arrested and charged with stealing more than $170 million from the company as well as more than $430 million through false sales of Tyco stock and covering the information from shareholders. Kozlowski and Swartz were charged with more than thirty counts of wrong doing. Hence, Tyco scandal was one of the most notorious of the early 2000s. Consequently, companies need to be alert of any changes in their culture, predominantly with regard to ethical behavior. For example, according to George P. Jones (2003), if sales personnel who aggressively book revenue are consistently rewarded while those who take a more conservative approach are left behind, one may expect to find problems in the company’s revenue classifications and related financial figures. Furthermore, corporate culture is how a corporation thinks the business should be ran. Senior management always has a belief that a firm owed it to its shareholders to get as much profit as possible forgetting that the company’s corporate culture is as important as the profit making. In Tyco’s case, the CEO, Kozlowki was the second-highest-paid CEO, but his lack of conservativeness, his aggressive business style and his extravagant way of living, did raise some red flags and indicated that Kozlowski was acting unethically by manipulating the company’s financials and using the company’s money unethically. According to Whelan G. 2012), as MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS (MNCs) have become more numerous, more powerful, and more variously engaged (Dunning & Lundan, 2008; Roach, 2005; UNCTAD, 2010), and as their global operating context has changed (Kobrin, 2005; Ruggie, 1982, 2008a), so too have the normative demands commonly made of them. Within the business ethics and business and society literatures for example, the belief that ‘globalizatio n' has increased the power of MNCs, and concomitantly decreased the power of states, has informed a body of work that normatively prescribes, and positively describes and explains, the political duties and activities of MNCs. Tyco’s stock price initially fell when Tyco was going to make a bid for Honeywell (subject of General Electric's failed takeover last year). The rumor caused Tyco's share price to plummet around 8. 5 percent in the last half hour of trading, and although a company spokesperson denied there was any truth in it immediately after the close, Tyco was in the spotlight – it came under very close scrutiny in the days and weeks that followed (insideinvestorrelations. com). Additionally, the fraud began to unfold when the Securities and Exchange Commission was examining the company's stock price. Business practices by senior management have raised some red flags and the SEC started an investigation into Tyco's practices. Suspicious accounting practices surfaced because Tyco had forgiven a $19 million loan to Kozlowski in 1998 and had paid the CEO's income taxes on the loan. It was then discovered that the company's stock price had been overvalued, and that the CEO and CFO had sold 100 million dollars' worth of shares, and then stated to the public that he was holding them, which was a misrepresentation and misled the investors. Kozlowski and Swartz stole approximately $600 million by taking unauthorized pay and bonuses, abusing loan programs and selling their company stock at overstated prices after lying about Tyco’s finances. And according to nbcnews. com, often, when these two men were accused of stealing millions of dollars, prosecutors said, the defendants hid their alleged thefts by failing to disclose the bonuses and loan forgivenesses in company prospectuses and federal filings, and bought the silence of underlings with outsized compensation. Both used Tyco’s money to buy extravagant lifestyles that featured art, jewelry and real estate, prosecutors said. An example of that spending was the gaudy $2 million toga party Kozlowski threw for wife Karen’s 40th birthday on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia, they said. Tyco paid about half of the party’s cost. Lines Mr. Kozlowski crossed in his tenure as CEO †¢He had Tyco pay for his $30 million New York City apartment which included $6,000 shower curtains and $15,000 â€Å"dog umbrella stands†. He also purchased several acres in the private gated community, â€Å"The Sanctuary†, in Boca Raton, Florida †¢He was engaged in financial frauds through Loan forgiveness and inappropriate bonus payments. †¢He also lied to the shareholders by overrating the stocks of the company. Kozlowski made Tyco pay $1 million (half of the $2 million bill) for the 40th birthday party of his second wife. The party was held on the Italian island of S ardinia, it included an ice sculpture of Michelangelo's David urinating Stolichnaya vodka and a private concert by Jimmy Buffett. The party was announced as a shareholder meeting in order to get corporate funding. CONCLUSION Perhaps one of the most disturbing things of the Tyco scandal was that nobody caught the thieves on time, the fraud surfaced when special groups were put in place to particularly prevent fraud and protect investors. The SEC was not able to prevent or catch the problem on time, they only caught this once it had already spread widely. Decentralizing corporate structure can make it difficult, even for the board of directors, to effectively monitor a firm’s dealings and finances. Kozlowski’s fall and the repercussions of his dirty dealings (financial penalties and jail time) are also detailed. Finally, an explanation of how Tyco survived the scandal is provided, along with safeguards the company has put into place to ensure that similar misconduct does not occur in the future. Reference Jennings, M. (2012). Business ethics: Case studies and selected readings. 7th Ed. Mason, OH South-Western Cengage Learning Whelan, G., 2012. The Political Perspective of Corporate Social Responsibility: A Critical Research Agenda. Retrieved from: learners.ncu.edu George P. Jones, May 2003. Corporate Culture and Ethical Behavior. Retrieved from: http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/Issues/2003/May/CorporateCultureAndEthicalBehavior.htm Insideinvestorrelations.com. Fall of the house of Tyco. Retrieved from: http://www.insideinvestorrelations.com/articles/case-studies/16294/fall-house-tyco/ Nbcnews.com. Ex-Tyco CEO Dennis Kozlowski found guilty. Retrieved from: http://www.nbcnews.com/id/8258729/ns/business-corporate_scandals/t/ex-tyco-ceo-dennis-kozlowski-found-guilty/#.UYa2oKLqnco

Benefits of a Database & Information Gathering Techniques

Assignment Three: Benefits of a Database & Information Gathering Techniques Ian Keller Strayer University Introduction to Relational Database Management Systems CIS 111 Professor Jonathan C. Thrall April 26th, 2012 Databases are very important to every person in the world today. Whatever you do in you daily routine you are bound to come in contact with some form of database and our world has become so dependent on it that most people won’t even realize the importance of databases. A database is a bunch of files that are usually integrated electronically together to make up one big file.The database stores all of these files in one location and numerous people can access this information all at the same time if they have the proper access from the database administrator. Things that many people do every day that involve database involvement are things like calling a creditor on the phone to talk about a utility bill, performing transactions with you bank online, over the phone or in person, and also using a credit card to pay for supplies at a local retail store. All of these things require access to some sort of database.Database design is basically separated into categories the first being external where data can have multiple views and how the data can be stored into a physical form. Another category is conceptual where internal and external data communicate between each other (Ricardo, 2012). Accounting, bookkeeping information, personal financial records, stocks and personal property inventories are only some examples of how databases are managed and can be created for a multitude of things and all of these different types of files and data can be managed through a Database Management System (DBMS).The better the DBMS system is the better that system will support the organization. When you have a DBMS that supports the organization, that organization will be able to increase productivity, profits and overall status of business. There are many differe nt DBMS designs and some have been proven to work very well. One of those types is the Relational Database System. A DBMS that falls into this category would have to be a DBMS that is capable of maintaining a good relationship among any new data and generate good communications between it and the existing data already in the system (Differentiating 2012).A DBMS has many benefits which will help to keep the organization’s profits at a continuous incline. A well designed and implemented DBMS can organize accounts, maintain records, process requests and prioritize past, present and future events. It will provide the ability to store millions of files of multiple types in one single location and because all those files are in one location, it will also provide the ability to have multiple employees located in multiple areas and non-employees who may be temporarily working for the said organization for a period of time.With a personalized password and few clicks of the mouse all p ersonnel mentioned above can be given complete or partial access to the database for an indefinite or temporary period of time. As with any system benefits also can be drowned out with some disadvantages as well and one of the disadvantages that have is that with many DBMS structures it can be confusing and difficult to navigate through some of the commands. The complexity is much more advanced than many of the Microsoft programs that many employees may be familiar with.This particular problem also causes the system to be very time consuming to unfamiliar users. Security is also a concern as with any electronic device especially ones with internet capability because nothing in this world of technology is â€Å"hacker proof†, meaning the system just like any other, is vulnerable. Another type of database is a Flat File database. This type of database stores data in the form of plain text meaning just what it says; only text can be stored. Every line contained in this type of d atabase constitutes one record.The fields in this kind of database are separated by commas, tabs or delimiters. A flat file is a database that uses a simple structure but as simple as it is the more data added to it, the less efficient it can become. The benefit of the flat file database is that most Microsoft programs such as Microsoft Access, can imported from a flat file converting it so multiple data as well as data types can be used (Flat File 2012). When creating a database from the beginning it can seem very overwhelming at first.There is so much to think of but there are tools available to you that can help guide you through the process. Many database systems have an important role and if they aren’t customized for that particular organization, then the benefits would not be as great. Tools that are available to the organization that help a great deal with construction a database for the first time are available in many forms. Starter packages such as the CASE (Comput er-Aided Software Engineering) package, is a package that contains information to help.This package contains steps for creating a system analysis, project management, and design plans. If the information is used correctly it will help the organization learn how collect the information and determine what information to collect. There is also Project Management Software that can organize your data once it’s collected so the data is prioritized correctly. Last a system catalog can be implemented to work alongside the other aids mentioned above which all work hand in hand to create, manage and maintain the organization’s information.The advantage about most of these programs is they updated automatically with each other (Ricardo 2012). In the rapidly advancing world today, it really is not practical to not have a database program implemented for whatever activities you frequent. Whether it is a business, organization, government agency, community club or even at personal i nformation at home, having files of multiple types organized and merged into one file location is just a smart way of doing business whether the business be personal or professional.Reference Differentiating a good database design from a bad database design.. (n. d. ). Free management Articles – Management resource guide. Retrieved april 26, 2012, from http://www. management-hub. com/database-design. html Flat file definition. (n. d. ). The tech terms computer dictionary. Retrieved april 26, 2012, from http://www. techterms. com/definition/flatfile Ricardo, c. m. (2012). Databases illuminated (2. ed. ). Sudbury, ma: Jones & bartlett learning.