Essay on Psychoanalysis and Joseph Conrads Heart of...

Psychoanalysis and The Heart of Darkness In Lacanian psychoanalysis, telling stories is essential to the analysands (re)cognition of trauma. Julia Kristeva refers to the analysands narrative as an instance of borderline [neurotic] discourse which gives the analyst the impression of something alogical, unstitched, and chaotic (42). She then explores the pleasure (jouissance) that the analysand experiences in the course of Lacans talking cure. For the analysand, the pleasure is in the telling: [T]he analyst is struck by a certain maniacal eroticization of speech, as if the patient were clinging to it, gulping it down, sucking on it, delighting in all the aspects of an oral eroticization and a narcissistic safety belt†¦show more content†¦In fact, this move to contextualize is Marlows narrative modus operandi: [T]o him the meaning of an episode was not inside like a kernel but outside, enveloping the tale which brought it out only as a glow brings out a haze, in the likeness of one of these misty halos that sometimes are made visible by the spectral illumination of moonshine (4). His desire to recreate the context from which meaning arises becomes even clearer when, in an anxiety-ridden moment, Marlow demands: Do you see the story? Do you see anything? It seems to me I am trying to tell you a dream--making a vain attempt, because no relation of a dream can convey the dream-sensation, that commingling of absurdity, surprise, and bewilderment in a tremor of struggling revolt, that notion of being captured by the incredible which is the very essence of dreams (23). Here, the description of the dream-sensation also clearly recalls Kristevas characterization of the alogical, unstitched, and chaotic impression created by the analysands borderline discourse. Ultimately, Marlow realizes that his desire to recreate the scene of trauma can never be completely fulfilled. Marlow asserts: You cant understand. How could you?--with solid pavement under your feet, surrounded by kind neighbors ready to fall on you, stepping delicately between the butcher and the policeman, in the holy terror of scandal and gallows and lunatic asylums--how can you imagine what particularShow MoreRelatedThoughts Of Imperialism In Joseph Conrads Heart Of Darkness911 Words   |  4 PagesHeart of Darkness, what does it really mean, what can it signify? For all it matters, it has no meaning, but is just a phrase. By applying the following schools of theory, psychoanalysis, over analyzing texts, cultural studies which portray how readers consume the text and postcolonial which analyzes the â€Å"losers† perspective it helps to depict the novella of Heart Darkness. By using the schools of theory, it will analyze a multitude of perspective relating to the novella’s theme of imperialism disastrousRead MoreHeart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad942 Words   |  4 Pages When read at face value, Joseph Conrad’s novella, Heart of Darkness, portrays a tale of white, imperial, oppression of the African natives of the Congo. However, when viewed through the lenses of psychoanalysis and feminism, different interpretations emerge. Psychoanalysis provides a glimpse into the mind of Marlow. The story reads as if it takes place within a dream world. Feminist theory examines the perceptible qualities associated with women. Each theory presents a new way of interpreting andRead MoreMarxism As A Conflict Theory1273 Words   |  6 Pageseducation, family, the legal system, trade unions, communication systems, and the cultural aspects of society (775-776). 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In Heart of Darkness, both Marlow and Kurtz are representations of strong reoccurring archetypes withinRead MoreEssay on Modernism in Literature1532 Words   |  7 Pages and people became destructive. Through the work of writers such as T.S. Eliot, W.B. Yeats, and Joseph Conrad, modernism in literature shed light on the true nature of the heart of humanity. With this newly incorporated view of humanity, a new theory emerged involving psychology and the behaviors of men and women. Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis. (Sigmund Freud) Around the turn of the 20th century, Freud boldly claimed that humans enteredRead MoreEssay about Heart of Darkness: Psychoanalytic Criticism4502 Words   |  19 PagesHeart of Darkness: Psychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalytic criticism originated in the work of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who pioneered the technique of psychoanalysis. Freud developed a language that described, a model that explained, and a theory that encompassed human psychology. His theories are directly and indirectly concerned with the nature of the unconscious mind. Through his multiple case studies, Freud managed to find convincing evidence that most of our actions are motivatedRead MoreHeart of Darkness in the Light of Psychoanalytic Theories.4599 Words   |  19 PagesPsychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalytic criticism originated in the work of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who pioneered the technique of psychoanalysis. Freud developed a language that described, a model that explained, and a theory that encompassed human psychology. His theories are directly and indirectly concerned with the nature of the unconscious mind. Through his multiple case studies, Freud managed to find convincing evidence that most of our actions are motivated by psychological

Two Methods of Losing Weight Free Essays

Two Methods of Losing Weight Teri Holland-Hill Com/155 November 11, 2012 Meghan A. Anderson A high protein diet and exercise vs. Gastric bypass are two different approaches to the same conclusion, one involves major surgery the other a lifestyle change. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Methods of Losing Weight or any similar topic only for you Order Now A newsletter from the Wolfe Clinic stated that by the end of an average lifetime, a person would have consumed between 60,000 and 100,000 pounds of food. It would be good to know, that eating that amount of food is more healthy than not. Maintaining a high protein diet combined with exercise is important to a person’s health. I. Visiting the Doctor First A. Asking the right questions B. Lab Work II. High Protein Diet A. More meat, Less Vegetables and Carbohydrates B. Number of Meals A Day C. When To Eat III. Exercise A. How Many Times a Week B. Exercise Programs Home or Gym IV. Gastric Bypass A. The History of Gastric Bypass B. The Cost Visiting the Doctor Before beginning any diet and exercise program, it is important to see the doctor, ask questions, and pass a health exam before proceeding. In order to be successful in the execution of a plan, the groundwork must be laid and have a solid foundation. Asking the right questions and formulating a plan or a roadmap is important when beginning to develop a weight loss plan. Not all body types can succeed on the same weight loss plan, some need more diet changes and some need more exercise. Once the doctor has gathered all the information and he has answered all questions, the next step would be lab work. The lab work will make sure there is no underlying condition that may slow things down. High Protein Diet Researchers have stated that high protein diets are the most popular because they do a better job of satisfying hunger than fats and carbohydrates. Participants in a study published by the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition reported higher weight loss when they deleted 20% of the fat from their total calories, 30% protein was increased, and 50% accounted for carbohydrates. That is still a high ratio of carbohydrates but as long as there is an exercise plan to go along with the diet, burning them off should be no problem. Another point to consider is number of meals to consume each day. Eating smaller meals more often may be better for a person’s particular metabolism. Life is fluid. We never know what is going to transpire when we will wake in the morning, so having an adjustable diet plan might be important. Other variables to consider are energy level, stress levels, and getting enough rest. One must maintain a high enough energy level to keep going throughout the day. Managing stress levels and making sure to get enough rest each night will go a long way to helping achieve definite weight loss goals. The key is to make every effort to maintain the diet once it is started, bearing in mind to keep it skewed towards higher levels of protein. Many have asked the question, when is a good time to eat, before exercising or after? According to experts and researchers in the field, it is advantageous to feed the body before and after exercising, as this is most beneficial in helping to burn more calories. Some people will skip meals because they think they will lose weight faster, but the body goes into a survival mode drawing protein from the muscles, therefore causing loss of muscle mass. With the proper diet and the correct number of meals, the liver and kidneys are where the protein is normally stored. So if the subject is consistently missing meals when exercising, not only are they slowing metabolism but also depriving the body of the fuel it needs to complete the workout, thus sending the body to another source for protein, the muscles. Therefore, loss of muscle mass minus protein equals a slow metabolism, which makes it harder to lose weight. When eating, the meal should not be too heavy while still providing enough energy for the workout. The meal should include complex carbohydrates and a protein. Some examples of meals are brown rice, which has a nutty flavor, broccoli, and beans are a good source of protein. For snacks, try apples, nuts, bananas, and even a good fiber bar etc. Stay away from processed foods and packaged foods as they have too many chemicals that the body does not need. It can be as simple as eating a hamburger without the bun or baked chicken instead of fried. There is a multitude of sources for protein, it is all about keeping an open mind and trying not to limit them. Exercise A question that seems asked quite often is â€Å"how often should a person exercise? † This all depends on what one wants to accomplish. If a person is looking to build muscle, working out every day is what they will have to commit to or if they just want to get in shape, once every three days for about two months is good. However, if one has never worked out, or it has been years since they have worked out, they need to take things slowly and not rush. Pacing oneself and if they need to stop or cannot finish the whole workout, that is ok. It is better to be safe than sorry! Exercise Programs: Home or Gym Another question that seems to be on the minds of some is â€Å"where is the best place to exercise? This is a simple answer exercise wherever is the most comfortable surroundings. Whether it is going to a gym or exercising at home, the environment should be conducive to achieving a positive outcome. Gastric Bypass Not everyone can lose weight simply by diet and physical exercise some have to take a more radical approach. One example would be Gastric Bypass surgery. This type of surgery is for morbidly obese people who have tried losing weight on their own but have run into roadblocks or through no fault of their own cannot accomplish their goal. For these people there is a procedure called Gastric Bypass. Although it was first attempted in the 1950s it is only recently, within the last 15 years or so that it has become popular as an extreme measure for weight loss. As with any surgical procedure, gastric bypass surgery is a serious undertaking that the doctor will approve when all other weight loss attempts have failed. Additionally, gastric bypass should probably only be performed in cases where the person is 100 pounds overweight or more. It is important to make sure that the patient is willing to follow through after the procedure and change their diet and eating habits, as well as getting more exercise. In a recent study of gastric bypass surgeries with a five year follow up, of 88. 6% of patients contacted, 93% of obese or morbidly obese patients and 57% in super obese patients managed to keep the weight off. The average cost of gastric bypass surgery is between $25,000 and $35,000 dollars, with complications in some cases driving the cost even higher. Unfortunately, this is an extreme hardship financially for those without insurance to cover the procedure. Conclusion We have looked at a couple of different methods of weight loss. One involves behavior modification in terms of diet, meal planning, and exercise, the other involves a more radical surgical procedure. Either way the benefits to the patient will be a healthier lifestyle and a longer lifespan. Each patient is an individual and the type of plan that works with one, may not work with another. Flexibility, desire, determination, and responsibility are all important if the patient desires a successful, positive outcome to their weight loss plan. References American Journal of Clinical Nutrition http://ajcn. nutrition. org (n. d. ) retrieved from http://WebMD. com/diet/guide/high-protein-diet-weight-loss Annals of Surgery 2000 April; 231(4)524-528 http://ncbi. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1421028 MacLean, L. MD, FACS, Nohr, C. MD, FACS, Rhodes, B. PDt, MSc (Nutr), FDC Wolfe Clinic (n. d. ) retrieved from http://thewolfeclinic. com How to cite Two Methods of Losing Weight, Papers

Economics And Healthcare Environment Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Economics And Healthcare Environment. Answer: The main objective of this assessment is to explore various economic concepts, funding framework and casemix-based management information systems and its application within the environment of health care sector. This assessment highlights that nurse managers plays vital role in the health care environment. They are in pivotal position as they ensure the provision of clinical as well as effective healthcare. The economic concepts applied in the context of health care delivery are also explained in this study (Andel et al. 2012). This assessment also provides an overview about the activity based funding and its application as incentive to drive efficiency, enhance accountability and improve access to health care. The last section of assessment reflects on the kinds of casemix based management information system that are offered for nurse managers. In fact, the information used for financial planning as well as management and quality enhancement is also critically analyzed in this asses sment. As individuals have become highly concerned about increasing cost, the economic concepts have attained higher currency in communitys healthcare consideration. Efficiency includes the primary economic theory of opportunity cost, which refers to the total value of best alternatives foregone for producing or attaining better health care service. Hollingsworth (2012) opines that if value of present health care service is greater than the value of alternative use then the present one is said to efficient. On the contrary, Folland, Goodman and Stano (2016) states that if value of other alternatives is larger than the present health care service, then the current one is said to be inefficient. Furthermore, one of the economic assessment techniques that are also used in the context of health care service is cost effectiveness analysis (CEA). This type of analysis mainly evaluates on whether the total amount spent on specific program or any healthcare treatment can provide healthier lives of the patient. In addition, the outcome of this program is also measured in health status that includes- decrease in disease, gain in life years etc. But the difficult part of this analysis arises when it compares various health care services for detecting difference in total expense adds to same benefit in health (Muennig and Bounthavong 2016). There are three basic limitations of CEA are given as follows- The first limitation is that the requirement for estimating outcomes in health units generally limits efficiency and hence cannot be utilized for comparing dissimilar programs. For example, the program that is aimed at reinstating sights of the patients is usually not compared with the program that treats foot ulcers under cost- effective analysis (Drummond et al. 2015). The second limitation is that natural units of health captures single dimension of outcome of programs. For example, the measurement of patient life years attained ignores their quality of life that is considered as another dimension of program outcomes (Hollingsworth 2012). Apart from this, economic efficiency can also be examined with the help of technical and allocative efficiency. Technical efficiency is basically attained through implementation of cost effective process with least inputs. This efficiency is mainly concerned with conversion of inputs that includes labor services into outputs ((Eckermann and Coelli 2013). This kind of efficiency is estimated as distance to frontier. Likewise, allocative efficiency is attained through selection of health programs that are health efficient in order to yield biggest possible improvements in patients health (Folland, Goodman and Stano 2016). Moreover, allocative efficiency is usually estimated through comparison of various frontier points in order to improve the populations heath status. Overall the efficiency estimates the impact of both the technical as well as allocative efficiency. For example, our health center consumes considerable amount of local allocation of human as well as financial resources. Additionally, efforts have also been given to provide effectual health care delivery owing to primary health centre endorsement provided by government. In order to increase the technical efficiency in this specific health centre, they utilized full time skilled staff for measuring the services or input provided by them. In fact, the nurse managers of this health centre also help to increase efficiency through their appropriate implementation of practical tools (Lowe et al. 2012). As a result, this increase in overall efficiency has improved the health care delivery service in this centre over the last few years. Activity based funding and its utilization in health care service. Activity based funding (ABF) refers to the process of funding healthcare in which the providers are basically allocated funds depending on the volume as well as type of services provided by them to the patients (Rosenberg and Hickie 2013). This has become one of the international standards for funding healthcare and thereby referred to as service-based funding, patient- centered funding and casemix funding. ABF is generally implemented by the health care centers with the objective of creating incentives for enhancing productivity as well as efficiency and improve transparency in healthcare funding. The funders of health care system who adopts this type of funding leverage information from financial as well as clinical data captured in routine basis (Heslop 2012). There are generally three components of ABF, which are needed for this funding procedure to operate. These components include- pricing, costing and commissioning, which are described below: Pricing- Prices are generally set for each diagnosis related group (DRG) depending on hospitals average cost of activities in DRG. The prices are set in such a way so that it can maximize huge benefits to patients and incentivize objectives of health care. This ABF system allows the health care funders to overview the service delivered for the paid price. Commissioning-The ABF system needs assessment of negotiation between providers as well as funders for setting proper activity level. This procedure is termed as commissioning. However, this process helps the funders to achieve increased financial control by setting proper activity goals (O'Reilly et al. 2012). Costing- For ABF system to operate, the health care providers should have the ability to determine unit cost. However, this information permits the providers to know the reason for making surplus or deficit under ABF system. The basic objectives for using ABF as incentive is to increase accountability, improve access to health care and drive efficiency. For driving efficiency in health system, ABF can be used to incentivize innovation in care system by reorganizing care funding and motivating providers to revamp themselves regarding patients care pathway. The ABF system will create environment that incentivizes the providers to innovate new health care delivery system for improving the efficiency and quality of health care (Ozcan 2014). Since ABF permits health centers to earn difference between service cost and amount of ABF payment, it drives the efficiency of health system to administer their total revenues. However, implementation of efficient utilization of resources leads to reduction in cost of activities as per patient basis. The financial incentives for health care system also lead to improved access. Adoption of ABF system selectively enhances services to the patients where cost of patients care is less than funding amount (Witter et al. 2012). Some of the nations observed decreased access for costly patients especially with chronic disabilities. Although access to health care can be improved through ABF system, improper management can lead to rise in issues regarding this. Moreover, the ABF system can increase accountability through establishing process metrics, developing predictive care pathways, exploring reimbursement models and developing incentives as well as competencies within the health care system. The health service provision activities that are funded under the ABF includes-Travel of patients and medical rescue services, aboriginal liaison as well as support, sub-acute care including rehabilitation as well as palliative care, outpatient services, acute inpatient admissions, services under emergency department (Sutherland, Repin and Crump 2012). Casemix refers to the scientific procedure of producing information relating to health care, which builds upon patient care categorization for managing health care. The casemix data provides information regarding patient episodes, funding in health care and workforce planning (Lambert et al. 2014). The information systems that is connected to casemix can be termed as costing systems, hospital information systems, grouper software, departmental systems, workload information systems for nurses, executive information system etc (Bardhan and Thouin 2013). Casemix based management information systems provides clinical as well as financial data on which the managers takes their decisions regarding staff planning, clinical patient care etc. Nurses are also known as knowledge workers because they utilize knowledge to their practice in clinical as well as managerial fields. Now- a days, the role of nurse managers has expanded from clinical coordinator to varied practices that includes service planning in allocation of budget. The nurse managers apply principles of knowledge management for delivering efficient service and advancing service provision. The information system generally assists the health care centers with knowledge management data of which the casemix gas been important component. In fact, casemix has been widely recognized as tool to increase efficiency of nurse managers (McHugh and Stimpfel 2012). The types of casemix based information systems that is provided for nurse managers includes- profile of patient by Diagnosis Related Groups ( DRG), service cost by DRG, average length of stay (ALOS) by DRG, unit ALOS, worst performing DRG , ALOS by outliers etc. In several Australian health care services, casemix based funding also refers to as activity based funding in which the funding model basically funds services depending on outputs by using price unit for various patients or types of cases. These health care centers uses casemix based funding as vital funding framework for reimbursing patient care cost. The casemic information system utilized by acute health care centre in Australia is AN- DRGS ( Australian National Diagnosis Related Groups). In Australia, the clinical coders utilizes coding categorizing system for grouping inpatient separations into homogenous groups also known as AR- DRG ( Australian Refined Diagonsis- Related Groups) categorization system (Duckett and Willcox 2015). In fact, the information attained using this system allows clinicians manage as well as improve process of care and increase efficiency in service provision. The casemix based information can be used for improving quality of care by firstly emphasizing diversity of systems and implications occurring from differences. Furthermore, the existing categorization schemes is assorted in two dimensions- First dimension involves the requirements of data, with systems that are sorted into that requiring primary collection of data and uniform hospital discharge data set( UHDDS). Second dimension includes the timing of patient evaluation. This mainly encompasses the patient stay in hospitals and hence this system can be used after discharge. The caeemix based information can be used for financial and management planning by combining activity of patient with resource consumption information in terms of financial data (Heslop 2012). The financial data mainly includes per day cost, each outpatient attendance cost, specific procedure cost such as dialysis or mechanic ventilation etc. The models of casemix usually records activities per patient depending on system that permits different kinds of patients relating to resource utilization. There are certain concerns regarding quality of care that can be raised under casemix based management that includes- satisfaction of patients, measurement of outcomes to be determined from the administrative data, access to health care and other technical factors (Middleton et al. 2013). These concerns are discussed below: Patient dissatisfaction can occur at health care center if clinical status of patient is poor on discharge. In addition, patient satisfaction can be low at health centre where severity deteriorates following admission. Access to health care can be poor owing to inappropriate admission at the health centers (Gulliford and Morgan 2013). Problem can occur with technical execution if the clinical status worsens following some particular procedural performance. Such concerns can be addressed in the following manner: Firstly, monitoring the result of care for assessing present status as well as time trends in impact of care Secondly, providing data to medical team as well as offering incentives for their work Thirdly, designing as well as implementing new health care delivery process based on the requirements of the patients (Tinetti, Fried and Boyd 2012) Fourthly, implementing effective technology systems, which will alert the providers in specific time in case of critical information Fifthly, adoption of telecommunication application, which can improve patients access to appropriate information The systems of health care globally are facing several challenges involving ageing population, variation in disease, increase in complex condition, rising health care cost etc. The nurse managers also face challenges to develop understanding of funding framework and financing arrangements that is being utilized in their health care center (Hendricks and Cope 2013). However, adoption of activity related funding framework utilizing casemix categorizing systems mainly needs development of financial management competencies. Therefore, analyzing casemix and converting into management information is needed by providers for making financial decisions. However, for nurse managers, casemix based information can be difficult although it benefits them to manage resources in transparent manner. In Australia, the funding arrangements, governance for health care and overall health care structure experiences huge reforms (Duckett and Willcox 2015). References Andel, C., Davidow, S.L., Hollander, M. and Moreno, D.A., 2012. Theeconomics of health care quality and medical errors.Journal of health care finance,39(1), p.39. Bardhan, I.R. and Thouin, M.F., 2013. Health information technology and its impact on the quality and cost of healthcare delivery.Decision Support Systems,55(2), pp.438-449. Drummond, M.F., Sculpher, M.J., Claxton, K., Stoddart, G.L. and Torrance, G.W., 2015.Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford university press. and Performance Evaluation(pp. 3-14). Springer, Boston, MA. Duckett, S. and Willcox, S., 2015.The Australian health care system(No. Ed. 5). Oxford University Press. Eckermann, S. and Coelli, T., 2013. Including quality attributes in efficiency measures consistent with net benefit: creating incentives for evidence based medicine in practice.Social Science Medicine,76, pp.159-168. Folland, S., Goodman, A.C. and Stano, M., 2016.TheEconomics of Health and Health Care: Pearson International Edition. Routledge. Gulliford, M. and Morgan, M. eds., 2013.Access to health care. Routledge. Hendricks, J.M. and Cope, V.C., 2013. Generational diversity: what nurse managers need to know.Journal of advanced nursing,69(3), pp.717-725. Heslop, L., 2012. Status of costing hospital nursing work within Australian casemix activity?based funding policy.International journal of nursing practice,18(1), pp.2-6. Hollingsworth, B., 2012. Revolution, evolution, or status quo? Guidelines for efficiency measurement in health care.Journal of Productivity Analysis,37(1), pp.1-5. Lambert, M.L., Silversmit, G., Savey, A., Palomar, M., Hiesmayr, M., Agodi, A., Van Rompaye, B., Mertens, K. and Vansteelandt, S., 2014. Preventable proportion of severe infections acquired in intensive care units: case-mix adjusted estimations from patient-based surveillance data.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,35(5), pp.494-501. Lowe, G., Plummer, V., OBrien, A.P. and Boyd, L., 2012. Time to clarifythe value of advanced practice nursing roles in health care.Journal of advanced nursing,68(3), pp.677-685. McHugh, M.D. and Stimpfel, A.W., 2012. Nurse reported quality of care: a measure of hospital quality.Research in nursing health,35(6), pp.566-575. Middleton, B., Bloomrosen, M., Dente, M.A., Hashmat, B., Koppel, R., Overhage, J.M., Payne, T.H., Rosenbloom, S.T., Weaver, C. and Zhang, J., 2013. Enhancing patient safety and quality of care by improving the usability of electronic health record systems: recommendations from AMIA.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,20(e1), pp.e2-e8. Muennig, P. and Bounthavong, M., 2016.Cost-effectiveness analysis in health: a practical approach. John Wiley Sons. O'Reilly, J., Busse, R., Hkkinen, U., Or, Z., Street, A. and Wiley, M., 2012. Paying for hospital care: the experience with implementing activity-based funding in five European countries.Health economics, policy and law,7(1), pp.73-101. Ozcan, Y.A., 2014. Evaluation of Performance in Health Care. InHealth Care Ozcan, Y.A., 2014. Evaluation of Performance in Health Care. InHealth Care Benchmarking and Performance Evaluation(pp. 3-14). Springer, Boston, MA. Rosenberg, S.P. and Hickie, I.B., 2013. Making activity-based funding work for mental health.Australian Health Review,37(3), pp.277-280. Spetz, J., Harless, D.W., Herrera, C.N. and Mark, B.A., 2013. Using minimum nurse staffing regulations to measure the relationship between nursing and hospital quality of care.Medical Care Research and Review,70(4), pp.380-399. Sutherland, J.M., Repin, N. and Crump, R.T., 2012.Reviewing the potential roles of financial incentives for funding healthcare in Canada. Canada: Canadian Foundation for Healthcare Improvement. Tinetti, M.E., Fried, T.R. and Boyd, C.M., 2012. Designing health care for the most common chronic conditionmultimorbidity.Jama,307(23), pp.2493-2494. Witter, S., Fretheim, A., Kessy, F.L. and Lindahl, A.K., 2012. Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interven-tions in low-and middle-income countries.status and date: New, published in, (2).